Kevin Beadle, Chris Cordina
Mr. Haskell
World History
16 November 2005
French Revolution
Time Line
The Old Regime: Reign of King Louis XVI (1774-1792)
Marie Antoinette- Marie Antoinette was the daughter of the Queen Theresa. She was born on November 2, 1755 and much there married the king Louis XVI.
Cardinal Fleury (1653-1743)- Cardinal Fleury was a son of Louis and was born Languedoc. He was a great statesman and was an honest and cautious man.
financial and administrative problems -
Demands of the Nobility- The Nobilities of the Day were very powerful, rich men that wanted the command port. This is that they wanted their people to see their views on life and no one elses.
Identify "Jacques Turgot" (1727-1781)- Jacques Turgot, a famous writer, was born on May 10,1727 in Paris, France. He create the most notably book named “A Philosophical Review of the Successive Advances of the Human Mind.”
Identify "Jacques Necker" (1732-1804)- Jacques Necker was a very powerful rich man of the 1765 and became director of the France in 1769. He later became a writer and created a Neo-Colbertiste for all Physiocrats.
Explain Louis Reign- During Louis Reign, he controlled all of Frances finances. Most of his needs out weighted the needs of his kingdom as well as Marie Antoinette.
First Estate- The first estate was made of the clergy. Along with the Second Estate it could be able to cancel the Third Estate’s vote.
Second Estate- The second estates is mainly made up of noblest. Along with the First Estate it could be able to cancel the Third Estate’s vote.
Bourgeoisie- The bourgeoisie was the middle class of the 1700s’.
Proletariat-
Third Estate- Third Estate was 27 million people known as the bourgeoisie, or the middle class. The Third Estate was a vast majority of the population for that time.
Peasant life in France- A peasant’s life during the Middle Ages in France was to sever the higher class of lords and ladies in their mansions. Nomarlly these people were called serfs means lower class.
gabelle- A gabelle is the tax that the people and to deal with. This tax is especially meant towered the salt tax of France in 1790.
corv'ee- A corv'ee is the labor from a local authority for little pay. Some time the pay was just withdrawn altogether from the feudal lord.
The Middle Class- The middle class of the Estates General was the third estate. The middle class was most of the population for the estate general.
Urban workers- Mostly living in small groups of ten or twenty people; These Urban workers were live and worked in the manors of lords and ladies, but where not slaves.
King Louis XVI summons the Estates General (1788)
Identify "Elections for the Estates General"- During the 1780’s, the Assembly of nobles stopped their quit to solve their money problems. These money problems flooded the French government until the Estate General interfered.
Identify "Demands on the Monarchy"- The demands of the Monarchy were at their wanted to be given weapons to protected them self with. These demands grow larger and larger with the passing years and were never filled by Louis.
Voting By Order- During the voting process, each individual estate would come together to make their vote known. If the first estate and the second estate vote together they could out rule the third estate.
The Third Estate proclaims itself to be the National Assembly (1789)
Identify "The Tennis Court Oath"- The Tennis Court Oath was the constitution of France. It gave protection to people, but only to the men that were able to vote.
Identify "Louis XVI Versus the National Assembly"- The Assembly about the Louis XVI versus the Nation took place in 1789. This meeting was between Louis the XVI and the Nation to decide on who was fit to rule their empire with the Estate General.
A Paris Mob storms the Bastille (1789)
Describe what happened- Bastille was a French Fort in Bastille that was being stormed by the people of France that demand that they give them weapons. Eventually they did get what they wanted, but at a get cost to France.
Jacques Necker's restoration- Jacques Necker's restoration was the treatment of Brith and nursing in the letters that he wrote too. His notes only seemed to show that the still was not taking care of them.
Jean Bailly's promotion (1736-1793)- Jean Bailly was a famous astronomer and mayor in 1789. He was elected to be the mayor of Paris and gained office as the commander of the national Guards.
Marquis de Lafayette's promotion (1757-1834)- The Promotion started by Marquis de Lafayette first began in 1787. He was a member of the Assembly of Notables.
How did the revolt affect most aristocrats?- During the revolt at Fort Bastille, the aristocrats were affect because with out he family an the worker around the y had to do it them self. This lead to bad times when the aristocrats decide to revolt against the revolvers.
The Great Fear Sweeps the French countryside (1789)
Describe- During the Great Fear of the French countryside was a when the revolution by either a monarch or the aristocracy. This was brought on by the French forces pushing it in the peasants.
Effects-This fear only reached a complete sweep in the end of June 1789. These peasants all over the nation started the fire on the aristocratic houses, manors, and town hall.
The National Assembly approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen (1789)
Describe the Declaration of the Rights of Man- The Declaration of the Rights of Man started in France in August 1789. One of the rule states that men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
Declaration of the Rights of Women- Written in 1876, by Susan B. Anthony, it declared that the women should gain the same rights as men. This document was not really taken up , until 1884.
Mob Action (1789)- In 1789, mob formed out side of the royal family manor. They later continued to force the Versailles to leave France and never to return.
Political Clubs- The Political Clubs was a group made in France made of Feuillants people. This group mainly was made of Feuillants, but the Cordeliers and the Jacobins also join.
The Jacobins- A political group known as, the Jacobins were of mainly middle-class lawyers that joined in St. Jacques. During 1790, Maxmilien Robspierre was the leader of the Jacobins.
The Cordeliers- The Cordeliers were radicals lead by Danton and Marat. They were the one who kept King Louis the XVI from take want they already had.
The Feuillants- The Feuillents were part of a band of people that protected peoples property. They were moderates and they were lead by La Fayette.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy(1789)- The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a document that was drawn up in the early 1790’s. It regulated the relationship of the church and the state.
The National Assembly enacts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
The Constitution of 1791 establishes a constitutional monarchy (1791)
Necker's resignation- Neckers was one of the fellowers of the Count of Artois and the Queen. He was hated by the First Estate and the Second Estate for taxing them.
Mirabeau- Mirabeau was a wealthily merchant that was born in 1756. He was also an aristocrat, except he took the roll of a member of the Third Estate.
Mirabeau's death (1791)- Mirabeau died in April 2, 1791. He died from a do to his health, except some say it was from a different group of people.
Louis XVI and family flee but captured- Before Louis the XVI death by the guillotine. He decide to except with his family, but it did not work.
Louis accepts New Constitution (Sept. 14, 1791)- Louis accepts New Constitution drawn up by the Nation Assembly. This new constitution states that the ancient guild system is complete abolished.
Other reforms of the National Assembly (1791)
abolished titles of nobility- The abolished titles of nobility could only have been brought on by the laissez faire. After they started a completely new system of government they had problem with the regular people becoming nobles.
reorganized local government- The creating of new system of government meet that the old system of government’s leader would have to get new jobs. Some, but not a lot of those leaders gained a completely new job in the new government.
laissez faire principals- The laissez faire principals were all about the government having to keep nothing to do with the economy. Most of these principals were agreed apron by the members of the estates general.
Legislative Assembly convenes (1791-92)
Conservatives- The Conservatives were took their places in most of the National Assembly in 1791. They also would to keep the old government and abolish the new laws.
Moderates (centrists)- Moderates, or centrists, were people that supported restrictions on juvenile. This meant that they hated the selling of guns and weapons.
Girondists- Moderate of the Republicans, or the Girondists, was ones that started the French revolution. This revolution took place in 1791 and ended the next year.
Mountain- The Mountain was a group of people much like the Political Club. This group was made of the Jacobins and the Cordeliers.
Intervention of Foreign Powers (1791-92)- The Intervention of Foreign Powers took part in the French revolution of 1791. This was a separated argument between the people of Europe.
Austria-Prussia Alliance- The Austria-Prussia was part of a group known as the Fourth Coalition. This group was against several parts of Europe including France.
France's Legislative Assembly declares war (April 20, 1792)- The French declared war on Austria and the Prussia because the French did not fared well in the first half. The French directly suspended King Louis from all of his jobs.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity- Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity were the main phase for the republicans living in King Louis kingdom. This phase is still used today to show the feelings and sprit of the nobles.
Radical Takeover- The radical takeover of the Legislative Assembly was started and ended by Napoleon and Stalin. This takeover happened during the separatists united with Sanijak were taking over Vojvodina.
Robespierre- Robespierre was an influential member of the Committee of Public Safety. It was the oversaw the period of the French Revolution that the revolutionaries consolidated their power.
Danton- Datton was a thirty-two year old barrister that had not sat in the Assembly. However, he had been the leader of the Cordeliers and tried to hold a stronghold on the common people of Paris.
Marat- Paul Marat had donned the habit of all peasants proceed by the companions. His indignation of disgust likes the thought of not before he had cast upon it.
sans-culottes- The sans-culottes was the extreme radical for the republican. This was the revolutionary extremist during the French Revolution.
King Louis XVI is executed (1793)- While the Nation Convention was underway, the French were declared a republic founded by Louis. This was brought on by a guilty and then Louis was sentenced to a crashing defeat.
The Reign of Terror begins (1793)
committee of public safety- Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were killed. So there was not a real system of safety for anyone set group.
Jacobins- The Jacobins was a political group of mainly middle-class lawyers that met in St. Jacques. Their members were lead by Maxmilien Robspierre during 1790.
Republic of virtue- The Republic of virtue was started in September 5 during 1789 and ended in 1799. This republic of virtue consisted of the Jacobins and Robespierre.
Justification of extreme violence- French forces were the main defensive through most the 1790’s. These police had to enforce the law by taking in large groups of people in jail each week.
revolutionary tribunal- The revolution tribunal was started right after they killed Louis in 1793. This was brought out by the people groups like Jacobins.
How many dead?- Over 300,00 citizens were killed from the Reign of Terror. Most of these people were in family groupings.
The National Convention abolishes the monarchy (1792)
The War of the First Coalition is fought (1792-1797)- This war between the French was about the people of France becoming republicans. This was not like by most of the nobles.
lev'ee en masse- Lev'ee en masse is a French word meaning mass conscription in the polis. This was to enroll the roots to create the armed forces.
coalition- The coalition was the an alliance like the temporary one, of the people. This is the union of the combination of bodies into one.
French military victories- The victory over the year by the French military was made from the extreme security. This security was only found in some parts of France.
Treaty of Basel- The Treaty of Basel was settling between the French and the Austrians at Basel Switzerland. This agreement was signed and put into play April 5, 1795.
The Thermidorean Reaction ends the Reign of Terror (1794)
9 Thermidor- The nine Thermidor were the downfall of Robespierre and all that he had worked for. These coups also ended the Reign of Terror.
guillotine- Guillotine is a medieval killing machine. This machine uses an extremely sharp blade to cut the victim’s heads off.
The National Convention drafts the Constitution of 1795 (1795)
Who controlled it?- The National Convention drafts were controlled by the republicans. These republicans arranged power by voting in each set of classes.
How was it controlled?- The republicans did not seem to have any problems with the system was working. The only real problem was that the people miss understand want the republicans met.
Council of Elders- The council of Elders was made up of over 500 different members. This Council of Elders was lead by Jean-Etienne Portalis.
Dissolving of the National Convention- The dissolving of the National Convention was brought on by Napoleon Bonaparte and his army. He was not care how the government uses to be rule just that it was ruled by him.
The Directory begins to rule France(1795-1799)
financial crisis- The financial crisis throughout France was caused by royalist in France. They were used using their money only for themselves. They did not care what kind of pain the people of France was going through.
corruption- Corruption started to become more and more clear through France with the coming of Napoleon. The people did not seem to trust their government or directory anymore.
exhaustion- The use of money throughout France started to mean that the people the worked for a living wee getting paid less and less. Not only that, but with the coming of Napoleon the people began joining with him as that they would get feed easier.
army- Due to the amount money being giving and the ability to find and work that a job; the people had to join Napoleon as part of his army. They were first trained and then this meant the Napoleon was stronger than ever.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Time Line
Napoleon Bonaparte is born in Corsica (1769-1821)
birth and childhood- Napolean was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio on Corsica. He hated France all his childhood. and he loved his mother more than anything.
physical stature (Napoleonic complex)- Napoleon was short with the height only about 5’2”. Although he was short, he was a powerful general.
marriage and political significance- Joséphine de Beauharnais was Napolean’s
first marriage but then later he married Archduchess Marie Louise. The political
significance was that he had control over the political rule in France.
Early military successes (1796)
Napoleon's army defeats the Austrians in Northern Italy (1797)- He organized
and led his army to defeat the Austrians which was led by Alvintzy in 1797.
Treaty of Campo Formio- This treaty ended the war against Austria that began in
1792. It also left France at war only with England.
1798-1799 French extend their control- Napoleon had victory after victory and
when he had enough power he became emperor of France.
Napoleon Fights his Egyptian campaign (1798-1799)
Napoleon's invasion of Egypt and why- Napoleon wanted to take an army into Egypt because if he conquered Egypt he could attack the English's route to India.
Rosetta Stone Discovery- The Rosetta stone is a basalt slab with identical
texts inscribed in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. Napoleon’s men found the
Rosetta stone near North Egypt in 1799.
Battle of the Pyramids- The Battle of the Pyramids happened on July 21, 1798
against the Mamelukes. Napoleon ended their rule on that day.
Lord Horatio Nelson's role (1758-1805)- Nelson was part of the British army and he was known for bold actions which made him a good fighter as a commander.
Battle of the Nile- Lord Horatio Nelson defeated
Napoleon’s army in this battle that took place in the year 1798.
War of the Second Coalition is fought (1798-1801)
Describe the war and its participants- The war happened during the year 1798 through 1801. The participants controlled the British, Austria, Russia, Turkey, the Vatican, Portugal, and Naples which were all were against French. Fleet.
Alliance against France- Austria, Russia, Turkey, the Vatican, Portugal, and Naples were all against the French. The British was the final alliance to join with the fleet.
Napoleon's defeat of the Second Coalition- Napolean brought The Treaty of Amiens wich resulted in peace and ended the second coalition.
Treaty of Luneville- The treaty was signed on February 9, 1801. This treaty was between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Amiens(1802): This treaty was signed on March 25, 1802. It was the
second treaty and it ended the Second Coalition.
Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power and becomes first consul (1799)
How does he Come to Power- Napoleon comes to power by telling everyone that he
was the one who won the revolution. He made himself emperor after.
The Constitution of 1799- The Constitution help create the form of government known as the Consulate which was taken up on December 24, 1799.
Consulate- This was a period of French history that happened during 1799-1804 which was from the fall of the Directory and to the start of the Napoleonic Empire.
The Concordat of 1801 establishes reconciliation between France and the Papacy
(1801)
What Did it Do?- It changed the main religion of the French and did not make it
a state religion but kept as a way of religious freedom.
Pope Pius VII (1800-1823- Pope Pius VII suffered from a major loss of church lands. He also had Napoleon excommunicated.
Civil Constitution of Clergy- The document passed after the confiscation of
Church lands, all men were able to elect priests and bishops, as well as the
pope no longer had authority over the church. It was passed on July 12, 1790. It
subordinated the Roman Catholic Church.
Napoleon becomes first consul for life (1802)
The Napoleonic Empire / Map (1804)
Hereditary Emperor- Napolean titled himself emperor after he gained enough
power.
Eugene de Beauharnais (1781-1824)- He was adopted as a son of Napoleon
Napoleon's divorce 1809)- Napoleon wanted to have a heir so he divorced
Josephine.
Archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847) – She was Napoleon’s second wife. They were both married until the death of Napoleon.
Napoleonic Administration – The Napoleonic was made up of Bonaparte's friends and family, as well as himself and other members of the French government. After becoming empire in 1802, Napoleon put one of his family members or friends in charge of an area that France had conquered.
Financial Reforms – Napoleon's plan to bring back success to France was by modernizing finance. He made changes such as controlling prices, encouraging new industries, and building roads and canals. He also created a new system of public schools that were placed under the government.
Centralized Government – Napoleon divided his government into departments in order to centralize it. Each department was led by a prefect appointed by Bonaparte himself.
Napoleonic Code 1807 (Into Effect 1804) – The Napoleonic Code was Napoleon's structure of laws that were enforced in every region of the French empire. The code promoted Enlightenment ideas and made every male equal before the law. However, many of the changes that came about from the French Revolution were taken away.
Educational Reform/University of France (1806) – Because Napoleon regarded education as an important issue, he set up a new public school system. In 1806, the University of France was created that put education under strict control of the French government.
War of the Third Coalition (1805-1807) – Britain, Austria, and Russia once again joined forces and created the Third Coalition. Once again, Napoleon took out all three countries one by one, and ended the coalition in 1805.
British Naval Victory at Trafalgar – England's powerful naval fleet was too strong for France's. Napoleon planned to invade England. However, the Third Coalition as well as Britain's strong navy forced Napoleon to turn back.
French Victories on Land – After losing at Trafalgar, Napoleon went on the win several victories on land. The first was the Battle of Austerlitz, where Napoleon tricked the Third Coalition into destroying itself. In the next few years, Napoleon won the Peninsular War and the Austrian War of 1809.
Treaty of Pressburg – On December 26, 1805, the Treaty of Pressburg was signed between France and Austria. Austria was forced to give up all the land it had conquered in the Venetian territory to Napoleon.
Napoleon Creates the Confederation of the Rhine and Abolishes the Holy Roman Empire (1806)
Describe what it did. – The Confederation of the Rhine completely eliminated the Holy Roman Empire. The confederation consisted of thirty-eight members that were under the protection of France.
Treaties of Tilsit – In July of 1807, the Treaties of Tilsit were signed between Napoleon and the town of Tilsit. The treaties ended the war between France and Russia. Each country also promised to help each other against their enemies.
Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) – Alexander I was Tsar of Russia when the first Treaty of Tilsit were signed between France and Russia. He promised to use Russia to help out France against England.
King Frederick William III (1797-1840) – Frederick William III was the king of Prussia when the second Treaty of Tilsit was signed between France and Prussia. Prussia promised to aid France against England with the signing of this treaty.
Napoleon's Brothers Kings – After creating the Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon made three of his brothers kings of different countries. Joseph Bonaparte became king of Spain, Louis Bonaparte became king of Holland, and Jerome Bonaparte became king of Westphalia.
Joseph (1768-1844) – Joseph Bonaparte was Napoleon's oldest brother. In 1806, after the Confederation of the Rhine was established, Napoleon made Joseph the king of Spain and Naples.
Louis (1778-1846) – Louis Bonaparte was Napoleon's younger brother. In 1806, after the Confederation of the Rhine was established, Napoleon made Louis the king of Holland.
Jerome (1784-1860) – Jerome Bonaparte was Napoleon's younger brother. In 1806, after the Confederation of the Rhine was established, Napoleon made Jerome the king of Westphalia.
Napoleon Establishes the Continental System (1806)
Describe what it did. – The Continental System closed the ports of Europe in order to prevent Britain from receiving or exporting goods. In response to this, England created its own blockade of European ports.
Berlin Decree of 1806 – After England put a blockade on ports in Europe, Napoleon responded with the Berlin Decree. This decree put a blockade on the British Isles, preventing them from receiving or exporting any goods.
Milan Decree 1807 – Napoleon signed the Milan Decree in December of 1807. It gave French ships the right to arrest any British ships leavings or traveling to the ports in the British Isles.
The Peninsular War – Lasting from 1807 to 1814, the Peninsular War was the first step to the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte's empire. The war started when Napoleon tried to trick Spain in order to attack Portugal. It ended up being a long and bloody seven year war between France, Britain, Spain, and Portugal.
Sir Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852) – Sir Arthur Wellesley was a future Duke of Wellington. Before that, he led in a British army to help Spain fight France during the Peninsular War.
Conflict on Other Fronts (1808-1810)
Austria – In 1809, Napoleon extended the borderlines of his French Army. He took his army to Austria and conquered it by defeating the Hapsburg Empire.
Battle of Wagram (July 1809) – The Battle of Wagram began after Napoleon's army reached Vienna. The battle lasted for two days and unfortunately ended up as unsuccessful for Napoleon.
Treaty of Schonbrunn (Oct. 1809) – The Treaty of Schonbrunn was a peace treaty between France and Austria. This treaty forced Austria to give up much of its land, people, and ports.
Plans to Restore the French Empire in America (1803) – After realizing his empire had been reaching its downfall, Napoleon tried to set up the French Empire in America. He took over the Louisiana Territory, but eventually gave it up to the United States government.
Louisiana Territory (1803) – After the Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed, Napoleon had gained an area in America ranging from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. In 1803, he sold this land to the United States, doubling America's size.
Describe the Happenings of the War – The War of 1812 was an attempt by the United States of America to seize Canada. Britain aided Canada and France aided the United States. The two year war ended in a tie, as America had not been able to capture Canada.
Napoleon Fights His Unsuccessful Russian Campaign (1812)
Invasion of Russia – After Alexander I of Russia resigned from the Continental System in 1812, Napoleon wanted revenge. He took 600,000 soldiers from his entire empire and invaded Russia.
Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay (1761-1818) – Prince Mikhail became Russian minister of war in 1810. He led an army against Napoleon during Bonaparte's Campaign in Russia.
Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov – Mikhail Kutuzov was a prince of Russia. He defeated Napoleon's army in the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, pursuing the French soldiers out of Russia and into Poland and Prussia.
Battle of Borodino – Napoleon arrived in Russia with fewer guns than the Russian army. Political adviser Marshal Davout advised that Napoleon should turn back to get more weapons, but Napoleon wouldn't listen. He marched right into the Battle of Borodino and lost 33,000 men.
Grand Army Entered Moscow – In September of 1812, Napoleon finally reached Moscow. However, he found the land scorched and empty of supplies that could be used for his armies.
French Retreat (Oct 19, 1812) –The Russian army had cleverly moved eastward from Moscow and burned all the crops of the villages along the way, Napoleon's army didn't have any supplies available for them. Because Napoleon would be unable to feed and supply his army for the winter, he was forced to turn back and retreat.
Russia, Prussia, and Austria Defeat Napoleon in the Battle of Nations (1813)
Battle of the Nations – After Napoleon lost his Russia campaign, Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia formed an alliance against France. They defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, leading to his downfall.
Napoleon Abdicates and Goes Into Exile on the Island of Elba (1814)
Describe Napoleon's exile. – After being defeated at the Battle of Nations, Napoleon was forced to exile to the island of Elba. Napoleon was able to escape from his exile and returned to France.
Louis XVIII (1814-1824) – After Napoleon was defeated, Louis XVIII became the leader of France. He fled from his post after Napoleon escaped from exile and cornered in on France.
Napoleon Returns to Power, Beginning the Hundred Days (1815)
Describe the 100 Days – The 100 Days was the point in time where Napoleon Bonaparte had regained his control of France. This time only lasted for 100 days because Napoleon's enemies rejoined forces and defeated him at Waterloo.
Napoleon is Defeated at Waterloo (1815)
Describe the Battle of Waterloo. – In the Battle of Waterloo, the forces that had defeated Napoleon the first time around bound together and defeated him again. Napoleon was forced back into exile, this time on the South Atlantic island of St. Helena.
Duke of Wellington – The Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army led England into the Battle of Waterloo against Napoleon. They helped destroy the French army in a bloody, day-long battle.
Gebhard Von Blucher (1742-1819) – General Blucher, a Prussian army commander, helped lead the British army in the Battle of Waterloo against Napoleon. He helped destroy the French army in that battle.
Napoleon Dies on Saint Helena (1821)