Outline Chapters 14 and 18

Ch. 14

              I.      What Was the Renaissance?

a.       The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas like politics, social, economics, and culture.

b.      The language of Latin survived for the Church and for educated people.

c.       New attitudes were produced by the Renaissance towards culture and learning.

           II.      Italian Beginnings

a.       Italy was the center of ancient Roman history and therefore it was natural for the reawakening to start there.

b.      Italy was different from the rest of Europe and its cities had survived the Middle Ages.

c.       The cultural rebirth was promoted by a wealthy and powerful merchant class.

         III.      Humanism

a.       Humanism was and intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance.

b.      They believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers.

c.       Petrarch, an early Renaissance humanist, hunted down and assembles a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts.

        IV.      A Golden Age in the Arts

a.       The most glorious expression in paintings, sculpture, and architecture was reached by the Renaissance.

b.      Renaissance painters developed new techniques for representing both humans and landscapes in a realistic way. They also learned the rules of perspective.

c.       Renaissance architects adopted the columns, arches, and domes that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans.

           V.      Writings for the New Age

a.       The Book of the Courtier was the most widely read of the books.

b.      Machiavelli combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power in his book, The Prince.

c.       Machiavelli stressed that the end justifies the means.

        VI.      Artists of the Northern Renaissance

a.       Spain, France, Germany, and England had their great cultural rebirth in the 1500’s.

b.      Italian Renaissance ideas were helped spread by Durer in his homeland.

c.       Flemish artist painted daily lives rather than religious or classical themes.

d.       

      VII.      Northern Humanists

a.       Education and revival of classical learning was stressed by European humanist scholars.

b.      A new Greek edition of the New Testament was produced by Desiderius Erasmus by using his knowledge of classical languages.

c.       Sir Thomas More was Erasmus’s friend also pressed for social and economic reform.

   VIII.      Literature of the Northern renaissance

a.       Francois Rabelais, a French humanist, was a monk, physician, Greek scholar, and an author.

b.      37 plays that were written by William Shakespeare between 1590 and 1613 are still performed around the world.

c.       Miguel Cervantes produced great works in the Renaissance in Spain in the early 1600’s.

        IX.      The Printing Revolution

a.       The reason for the great works of Renaissance literature was because of breakthrough technology such as the development of printing in Europe.

b.      Ital, Germany, the Netherlands, and England had printing presses springing up.

c.       More people began to read and write when more books became available.

           X.      Abuses in the Church

a.       Popes maintained a lavish lifestyle during the Renaissance.

b.      A pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime was an indulgence.

c.       Christian humanists stressed bible study, exposed church abuses, and rejected church pop and ceremony.

        XI.      Luther’s Protest

a.       A full-scale revolt from protest against Church abuses erupted in 1517.

b.      Luther wrote up his 95 Theses that listed arguments against indulgences.

c.       Luther drew up even more radical new doctrines after the Church tried to persuade him to recant or give up his views.

      XII.      Spread of Lutheran Ideas

a.       Many of the clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to corruption in the Roman Catholic Church there it had widespread support.

b.      A Peasants’ Revolt erupted across Germany in 1524.

c.       Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church during the 1530’s and 1540’s.

   XIII.      John Calvin

a.       The Institutes of the Christian Religion was published by John Calvin in 1536.

b.      Theocracy or government run by church leaders was set up by Calvin to keep with his teachings.

c.       Calvinism was planted in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland by the late 1500’s.

   XIV.      Radical Reformers

a.       Anabaptists were groups that believed that only adults should receive the sacrament of baptism.

b.      Some Anabaptists wanted to speed up the coming of God’s day of judgment by violent means.

c.       Anabaptists were the ancestry that was traced back by Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish.

     XV.      The English Reformation

a.        Henry VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt.

b.      The Act of Supremacy passed in 1534, mad Henry the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.

c.       England became firmly established as a Protestant land when Elizabeth I became queen.

   XVI.      Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England

a.       Elizabeth was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London when Mary was convinced that she was involved in the plot against her.

b.      Elizabeth retired to the country until Mary’s death in 1558 made her queen.

c.       Elizabeth attacked anyone, Catholic or Protestant, who defied her.

XVII.      The Catholic Reformation

a.       The pope called the Council of Trent in 1545 to establish the direction that reform should take.

b.      Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition to deal with the Protestant threat more directly.

c.       Rome was a far more pious city than the one Luther had visited 70 years earlier by the late 1500’s

XVIII.      Widespread Persecution

a.       Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.

b.      Witches or agents of the devil that were accused of being were usually women although some men faced similar attacks.

c.       Europe’s Jews had hard times when the Reformation came.

   XIX.      Looking Ahead

a.       Until the mid 1600’s, the upheavals of the Catholic and Protestant reformation sparked wars of religion in Europe.

b.      Issues of religion began to give away to issues of national power.

c.       Decisions based on political interests rather than for purely religious reasons were made by Catholic and Protestant ruler of the mid 1600’s.

     XX.      Changing Views of the World

a.       Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric or sun-centered model of the universe.

b.      An astronomical telescope was developed by a Dutch lens grinder and used by Galileo Galilei.

c.       A new approach to science emerged in the early 1600’s.

   XXI.      Newton Ties It All Together

a.       A theory was developed by Isaac Newton to explain why the planets moved as they did.

b.      He showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun using mathematics and called this force gravity.

c.       Newton’s laws held fast for 200 years.

XXII.      More Scientific Advances

a.       The most important breakthroughs were in chemistry and medicine.

b.      Robert Boyle in the 1600’s made works that opened the way to modern chemical analysis.

c.       Scientists in the Renaissance opened the way for further advances.

XXIII.      Bacon and Descartes

a.       Francis Bacon and René Descartes devoted themselves to the problem of knowledge.

b.      Aristotle’s assumptions on science were rejected by Bacon and Descartes.

c.       The scientific method was helped by Bacon and Descartes to the pursuit of all knowledge.

Ch. 18

              I.      A World of Progress and Reason

a.       Other scientists expanded European knowledge in the 1700’s.

b.      Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against smallpox.

c.       Greta confidence in the power of reason was created by scientific successes.

           II.      Two Views of the Social Contract

a.       Thomas Hobbes and John Locke had ideas that were key to the Enlightenment in the 1600’s

b.      People entered into a social contract to escape the brutish life.

c.       People had natural rights or rights that5 belonged to all humans from birth.

         III.      Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws

a.       Montewquieu studied the governments of Europe from Italy to England.

b.      He discussed governments throughout history when he published The Spirit of the Laws.

c.       He felt that each branch of government could serve as a check on the other two.

        IV.      The World of the Philosophes

a.       Philosophes were thinkers that applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society.

b.      The most famous philosophe was Francois-Marrie Arouet and was name Voltaire.

c.       Denis Diderot produced a 28-volume Encyclopedia.

           V.      Rousseau: A Controversial Figure

a.       Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s was the most controversial philosophe.

b.      He believed that people in their natural state were basically good.

c.       Political and social thinkers are influenced by Rousseau for more than 200 years.

        VI.      Limited “Natural Rights for Women”

a.       Women were not applied to the Enlightenment slogan “free and equal”

b.      Small but growing number of women protested the view of limited rights by the mid-1700s.

c.       The best known of the British female critics was Wollstonecraft.

      VII.      New Economic Thinking

a.       Physiocrats were other thinkers that focused on economic reforms.

b.      The policy of laissez faire allowed business to operate with little or no government interference.

c.       Adam Smith argued that the free market, the natural forces of supply and dmend, should be allowed to operate and regulate business.

   VIII.      The Challenge of New Ideas

a.       All over Europe, educated people eagerly read the Encyclopedia and other pamphlets.

b.      People began to challenge the old ways as Enlightenment ideas spread.

c.       Government and Church authorities banned and burned books to protect the attacks against the Enlightenment.

        IX.      Salons

a.       Salons were informal social gathering at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas.

b.      The salon originated when a group of noblewomen in Paris began inviting a few friends to their home for poetry reading in the 1600’s.

c.       Some middle-class women began holding salons by the 1700’s.

           X.      The Salon in the Rue Saint Honore

a.       Madame Geoffrin entertained poets and philosophers, artists, and musicians.

b.      She was a leading saloniere by 1750.

c.       Salons were set up to learn from the conversations of educated men.

        XI.      Enlightened Despots

a.       Enlightened desposts were absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change.

b.      In 1762, Catherine became empress and experimented with Enlightenment ideas.

c.       Emperor Joseph II was the most radical enlightened despot.

      XII.      The Arts and Literature

a.       The complex style of painting is known as baroque.

b.      In the baroque era, new kinds of musical entertainment evolved.

c.       Literature developed new forms and a wide new audience by the 1700’s.

   XIII.      Live of the Majority

a.       Across Europe, Peasant life was different.

b.      Peasants still had to provide free labor, repairing roads and bridges after the spring floods just as their ancestors had done.

c.       Ideas about equality and social justice came into peasant village by the late 1700’s.

   XIV.      Global Expansion

a.       The location of England made it well placed to control trading during the Renaissance.

b.      European conflicts were generally won by Britain in the 1700’s.

c.       England eventually merged with its neighbor Scotland.

     XV.      Growth of Constitutional Government

a.       Constitutional government is a government whose power is defined and limited by law.

b.      Another new feature of government was the cabinet.

c.       The prime minister was heading the cabinet.

   XVI.      Politics and Society

a.       The government for the British at the time was oligarchy.

b.      Male property owners were limited for the right to vote.

c.       Successful merchants and manufacture were from a small but growing middle class.

XVII.      George III Reasserts Royal Power

a.       George III embarked on a 60-year reign in 1760.

b.      George’s troubles began early in his reign

c.       The prime minister was the British’s real political leader.

XVIII.      The 13 English Colonies

a.       13 colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America by 1750.

b.      Mercantilist policies were given by Britain to the colonies.

c.       The ways of life was different form New England to the southern colonies.

   XIX.      Growing Discontent

a.       There were series of violent clashes that increased crisis.

b.      The crisis exploded into war in April 1775.

c.       With George Washington in command made the congress set up a Continental Army.

     XX.      The American Revolution

a.       The American cause looked weak at first because of how the British army looked.

b.      France joined the Americans because they were convince by the victory at the Battle of Saratoga.

c.       Continental troops suffered from cold, hunger, and disease.

   XXI.      A New Constitution

a.       A federal republic was created by the Constitution.

b.      The Constitution became law in 1789 and it set up a representative government.

c.       The absolute powers of European monarchs were reduced by the mid 1800’s.