Chapter 19 Outline
I. The Old Regime
a. The Church exerted great influence throughout Christian Europe.
b. Nobility of French society was the Second Estate.
c. 98 percent of the population about 27 million people were the Third Estate in 1789.
II. A Financial Crisis
a. Financial crisis caused deficit spending or a government spending more money than it takes in.
b. In the 1770’s a general economic decline began.
c. The pressure for reform mounted as the crisis deepened.
III. The King Takes Action
a. All three estates prepared cahiers or notebooks that listed their grievances.
b. Delegates from the Third Estate were mostly lawyers, middle class officials, and writers.
c. A disastrous 1788 harvest resulted in food shortages.
IV. Storming the Bastille
a. Paris seized the spotlight from the national Assembly meeting n Versailles on July 14.
b. The Bastille commander refused to open the gates and opened fire on the crowd.
c. The symbol of the French revolution was the storming Bastille.
V. Revolts in Paris and the Province
a. The worst famine in memory was the political crisis of 1789.
b. Rumors ran wild which set off what the “Great Fear.”
c. France was also in turmoil and it was the revolutionary center.
VI. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
a. The National Assembly went into action when peasant uprisings and the storming of the Bastille.
b. The National Assembly key goal was the equality of all citizens before the law.
c. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was issued by the Assembly.
VII. Women March on Versailles
a. France had angry mobs and there was a mob made up of thousands of women.
b. Queen Marie Antoinette was where the anger of the crowd was directed.
c. The crowd marched back to Paris led by women.
VIII. A Time of Reform
a. The Assembly voted to take over and sell Church land to pay off the huge government debt.
b. A constitution was produced and completed by the national Assembly.
c. Louis finally gave in, in 1791.
IX. Reaction Outside France
a. The events in France started debate all over Europe.
b. Émigrés were nobles, clergy, and others who had fled revolutionary France.
c. The king of Prussia and the emperor of Austria issued the Declaration of Pilnitz in August 1791.
X. War at Home and Abroad
a. Sans-culottes were working-class men and women.
b. Stile factions feuded for power within the Legislative Assembly.
c. The war of words between French revolutionaries and European monarchs moved onto the battlefield in April 1792.
XI. Downfall of the Monarchy
a. Battle disasters angered revolutionaries who thought the king was in league with the invaders.
b. Suffrage was the right to vote which was to be extended to all male citizens.
c. King Louis XVI was convicted by a single vote and sentenced to death.
XII. The Convention Under Siege
a. The Convention crated the Committee of Public Safety to deal with the threats to France.
b. The government battled counterrevolutionary under the guiding hand of Maximilien Robespierre at home.
c. The chief architect of the Reign of Terror was Robespierre
XIII. Reaction and the Directory
a. The revolution entered a third stage in reaction to the Terror.
b. From 1795 to 1799, the Directory held power.
c. Politicians turned to a popular military hero, napoleon Bonaparte as chaos threatened.
XIV. Women in the Revolution
a. Working-class women fought in street battles.
b. The Declaration of Rights of Man did not grant equal citizenship to women and this made many women disappointed.
c. Women gained some rights such as making divorce easier and they were allowed to inherit property.
XV. Change in Daily Life
a. The 10-year-old French Revolution had dramatically changed France by 1799.
b. Nationalism was an aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country, spread throughout France.
c. Social reform was pushed by Revolutionaries.
XVI. The Man From Corsica
a. Napoleon Bonaparte was born ins the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean.
b. He rose quickly in the army during the turmoil of the revolution.
c. Napoleon held a plebiscite or a ballot in which voters say yes or no to an issue.
XVII. France Under Napoleon
a. Liberty, equality, and fraternity was replace by order, security, and efficiency as the slogans of the new regime.
b. Napoleon modernized finance to restore prosperity.
c. The most lasting reforms were the Napoleonic Code which embodied Enlightenment principles.
XVIII. Subduing an Empire
a. Napoleon annexed or added outright some areas to France when he redrew the map of Europe.
b. Britain alone remained outside Napoleon’s European empire.
c. Napoleon’s Continental System failed to bring Britain to its knees in the end.
XIX. Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
a. French armies spread the ideas of the revolution across Europe under Napoleon.
b. Guerrilla warfare were hit-and-run raids that Spanish patriots conducted against the French
c. Napoleon continued to seek new conquests despite revolts in Spain and elsewhere.
XX. Downfall of Napoleon
a. Napoleon abdicated or stepped down from power when his enemies closed in on France.
b. The opposing armies met near the town of Waterloo in Belgium on June 18 1815.
c. Napoleon’s legend lived on in France and around the world after he died in 1821.
XXI. The Congress of Vienna
a. The Congress of Vienna faced the task of restoring stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war.
b. The Congress met for 10 months from September 1814 to June 1815.
c. Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria, Czar Alexander I of Russia, and L0ord Robert Castleragh of Britain had the real work from the Congress.
XXII. The Vienna Settlement
a. The map of Europe was redrawn by peacemakers.
b. The principle of legitimacy or restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated.
c. The revolutionary ideals condemned the Vienna settlement had many people inspired.