Ch. 25 and 26 Outline

Ch. 25

              I.      The New Imperialism

a.       Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

b.      Europe had little influence on the lives of the people of China, India, or Africa between 1500 and 1800.

c.       Europe developed politically and economically by the 1800’s.

           II.      Motives of the New Imperialists

a.       Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources and bakers sought ventures in the parts of the world to invest their profits.

b.      Westerners believed they had a duty to spread what they saw as the blessings of western civilization.

c.       The new imperialism involved many people such as soldiers, merchants, settlers, missionaries, and explorers.

         III.      Down the Barrel of a Gun

a.       Western imperialism succeeded because several older civilizations were in decline

b.      Europeans had strong economies, well-organized government, and powerful armies and navies.

c.       Western expansion was resisted by African and Asians.

        IV.      Forms of Imperial Control

a.       Imperial powers had established colonies where governors, official, and soldiers were sent out to control the people.

b.      Protectorates were local rulers that were left in place.

c.       Sphere of influence is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.

           V.      On the Eve of the Scramble

a.       Westerners called the Africa the “dark continent,” which means the unknown land.

b.      The people of Africa had evolved diverse cultures across its many regions.

c.       North Africa had fertile land, West Africa had grassy plains, East Africa has port cities, and Southern Africa was in turmoil.

        VI.      European Contacts Increase

a.       Europeans had taken enslaved African to work the plantations and mines of the Americas for centuries.

b.      European explorers began pushing into the interior of Africa in the early 1800’s.

c.       Catholic and Protestant missionaries sought to win souls to Christianity all across Africa.

      VII.      The Great Scramble Begins

a.       Leopold privately dreamed of conquest and profit in the Congo.

b.      European powers met at an international conference in 1884 to avoid bloodshed.

c.       Leopold was forced to turn over his colony to the Belgian government eventually because of international outrage.

   VIII.      Carving Up a Continent

a.       France took a giant share of Africa and invaded and conquered Algeria in North Africa.

b.      The Boers who were Dutch farmers migrated north to found their own republics because they resented British rule.

c.       Lands in eastern and southwestern Africa were taken by the newly united German empire.

        IX.      Africans Fight Back

a.       Armed resistance was met by Europeans across the continent.

b.      Menelik II began to modernize his country in the late 1800’s.

c.       African leaders forged nationalist movement to pursue self-determination and independence in the early 1900’s.

           X.      Ferment in the Muslim Word

a.       The Muslim world extended from western Africa to Southeast Asia.

b.      Reform movements came up across the Muslim world in the 1700’s and early 1800’s.

c.       The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism which added to internal ferment and decay.

        XI.      Challenges to the Ottoman Empire

a.       The Ottoman empire extended across the Middle East, North Africa and parts  of Eastern Europe.

b.      Internal revolts posed constant challenges within the multi-ethnic Ottoman empire as ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe.

c.       The new German empire hoped to increase its influence in the region by building a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway in 1898.

      XII.      Efforts at Reform

a.       Better medical care and revitalized farming was brought by the reform.

b.      A group of liberals had formed a movement called the Young Turks in the 1890’s.

c.       Genocide is as deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.

   XIII.      Egypt Seeks to Modernize

a.       The “father of modern Egypt” was Muhammad Ali.

b.      Egypt came increasingly under foreign control because Muhammad Ali’s successors lacked his skills.

c.       Britain made Egypt a protectorate in 1882 when a nationalist revolt erupted.

   XIV.      Iran and the Western Powers

a.       The Qajar exercised absolute power like the Safavids before them but they took steps to introduce reforms.

b.      Russia hoped to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia But Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.

c.       Iranian nationalists were outraged by concessions which were economic rights grated to foreign powers.

     XV.      The East India Company

a.       The Mughal empire controlled three fifths of India by the mid-1800’s.

b.      The British took over India when they saw India fragmented.

c.       The main goal of the East India Company was to make money where leading officials often got rich.

   XVI.      The Sepoy Rebellion

a.       There were several unpopular steps taken by the East India Company in the 1850’s such as making the sepoys load their rifles with animal fat.

b.      British men, women, and children were brutally massacred by the sepoys.

c.       Fear, hatred, and mistrust were left by the Sepoy Rebillion legacy.

XVII.      The Brightest Jewel

a.       Cash crops were crops such as cotton that could be sold on the world market.

b.      Medical improvements and new farming methods that increased food production were introduced by the British.

c.       British rule brought peace and order to the countryside.

XVIII.      Indians and British: Viewing Tow Cultures

a.       Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture during the age of imperialism.

b.      Ram Mohun Roy wanted to revitalize and reform traditional Indian culture.

c.       Western scholars acquired respect for India’s ancient heritage when they translated Indian classics.

   XIX.      Growing Nationalism

a.       Nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress in 1855 which is known as the Congress party.

b.      Muslims formed the Muslim league to pure their own goals in 1906.

c.       Protests and Resistance to the British rule increased by the early 1900’s.

     XX.      The Trade Issue

a.       Balance of trade is when there is more exporting than importing.

b.      Trade deficit is importing more than exporting.

c.       The Treaty of Nanjing forced China to give up rights to western powers.

   XXI.      Internal Pressures

a.       Peasants rebelled as poverty and misery increased.

b.      The teachings of Christian missionaries were influenced by Hong.

c.       The Taiping Rebellion almost collapsed the Quing dynasty with an estimate of 20 to 30 million deaths.

XXII.      Reform Efforts

a.       Some Chinese wanted to adapts western ideas but other worried that the technology would bring unwelcome changes.

b.      Japan modernized rapidly after 1968 and it joined the western imperialists in the competition for global empire.

c.       China’s weakness was revealed when they had their crushing defeat.

XXIII.      The Empire Crumbles

a.       The goal of Boxers where to drive out the “foreign devils” that were polluting the land with un-Chinese ways, strange buildings, machines, and telegraph lines.

b.      Chinese nationalism spread and reforms wanted to strengthen China’s government.

c.       Uprisings in the provinces swiftly spread in 1911 and China was constantly at war with itself or fighting off foreign invasion for the next 37 years.

Ch. 26

              I.        Strains in Tokugawa Japan

a.       The Tokugawa shoguns re-imposed and centralized feudalism.

b.      Japan drifted into decline in the 1800’s like China.

c.       There were no longer fights which made less samurai unhappy.

           II.      Opening Up Japan

a.       The shoguns advisers debated about what they should do.

b.      The U.S. soon won trading and other rights including the right of extraterritoriality and a “most favored nation” clause.

c.       In 1867 discontented daimyo and samurai led a revolt that unseated the shogun and restored the emperor to power.

         III.      Fukuzawa Yukichi Travels Abroad

a.       He learned from Dutch and then English.

b.      Filled with pride.

c.       In a few generations their efforts would help Japan become a global power.

        IV.      Reforms Under Meiji

a.       The reformers wanted to created a strong central government, equal to those of western powers.

b.      Meji leaders made the economy a major priority.

c.       Zaibatsu are powerful banking and industrial families.

           V.      Competition for Empire

a.       Homogeneous- society had a common culture and language that gave it a strong sense of identity.

b.      In 1894 Japan and China became rivals.

c.       This was over the Korea.

        VI.      Korea: A Focus of Competition

a.        Imperialist rivalries put the spotlight on Korea.

b.      Located at the crossroads of East Asia it was a focus of competition amoung Russia.

c.       Nine years after annexation, a nonviolent protest against the Japanese began on March 1, 1919 and soon spread throughout Korea.

      VII.      Colonizing Southeast Asia

a.       Southeast Asia commanded the sea lanes between India and China and had long been influenced by both civilizations.

b.      In the 1600s the dutch East India Company gained control of the fabled riches of the Moluccas, or spice islands.

c.       The French meanwhile were building an empire on the Southeast Asian mailand.

   VIII.      Thailand Survives

a.       Sandwiched between Bristish ruled Burma and French Indochina lay the kingdom of Siam.

b.      King Mongkut had to accept some unequal treaties, he set Siam on the road to modernization.

c.       In the end both Britain and France saw the advantages of making Thailand a buffer.

        IX.      Imperialism and Nationalism in the Philippines

a.       Spain had seized the Philippines and extended its rule over the islands.

b.      The US became involved in the fate of the Philippines almost by accident.

c.       In 1898 war broke out between Spain and the US over Cubas indpendece form Spain.

           X.      Western Powers in the Pacific        

a.       The industrial powers began to take an interest in the islands of the Pacific.

b.      They where sealing ships looked for bases to take on supplies.

c.       American sugar growers pressed for power in Hawaii.

        XI.      The Canadian Pattern

a.       Indigenous means the original people of the land.

b.      John Macdonald was Canada’s first prime minister.

c.       Immigrants flooded into Canada in the early 1900s from Europe and Asia.

      XII.      Europeans in Australia

a.       The Dutch in the 1600s were the first Europeans to reach Australia.

b.      In 1770 James Cook claimed Australia for Britain.

c.       A penal Colony is a place to send people convicted of crimes.

   XIII.      New Zealand

a.       Far to the southeast of Australia is New Zealand.

b.      People reached New Zealand from Polynesia in the 1200s.

c.       Missionaries were followed by white settlers.

   XIV.      Problems Facing the New Nations

a.       Many problems had their origins in colonial rule.

b.      Regionalism is a loyalty to a local area..

c.       Local strongmen, called caudillos, assembled private armies to resist the central government..

     XV.      The Economics of Dependence

a.         Economics Dependence occurs when less developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations know-how.

b.      In the 1800s foreign goods flooded into Latin America, creating large profits for foreigners and for a handful of local business people.

c.       Some Latin American economies did grow.

   XVI.      Mexico’s Struggle for Stability

a.       During the 1800s each Latin American country followed its own course.

b.      Large landowners, army leaders, and the Catholic Church dominated Mexican politics.

c.       Benito Juarez and other liberals seized power opening La Reforma, an era of reform in 1855.

XVII.      Colossus of the North

a.       As nations like Mexico tried to build stable governments, a neighboring republic, the United States, was expanding across North America.

b.      In the 1820s Spain plotted to recover its American colonies.

c.       From the was with Mexico in 1848 the US got the thinly populated regions of northern Mexico.

XVIII.      New Economic Patterns

a.       A truly global economy emerged.

b.      Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world further disrupted traditional economies.

c.       Colonial rule did bring some economic befits like the groundwork for modern banking.

   XIX.      Cultural Impact

a.        During the age of Inperialism, Europeans were convinced of their own superiority and believed they had a mission to civilize the world.

b.      Western medicine brought benefits, missionaries introduced medical breakthroughs.

c.       The pressure to westernize forced people to reevaluate their traditions.

     XX.      New Political Tensions

a.       Imperialism had global political consequences.

b.      By the early 1900s resistance to imperialism was taking a new course.

c.       In Africa and Asia western-educated elites were organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rule.