Chapters 8 and 9 Outline

Ch. 8

              I.      A Land of Great Potential

a.       European territories were linked by Rome and spread classical ideas, the Latin language, and Christianity to the tribal people of Western Europe.

b.      Europe lies on the western end of Eurasia.

c.       Europe’s growth was important by the seas that surrounded it.

           II.      Germanic Kingdoms

a.       The Germanic tribes who migrated across Europe were farmers and herders.

b.      Western Europe was carved up into small kingdoms by the Germanic tribes between 400 and 700.

c.       Clovis became the king of the Franks in 481.

         III.      Islam: A New Mediterranean Power

a.       Islam swept out of the Middle East into the Mediterranean world shortly after the Franks and other Germanic peoples had carved up Western Europe.

b.      Christian were feared as the Muslim armies won victories around the Mediterranean.

c.       Christian continued to have a hostile view of the Muslim world even when Islam was no longer a threat.

        IV.      The Age of Charlemagne

a.       Western Europe had a moment of unity when the grandson of Charles Martel built an empire reaching across France, Germany, and part of Italy at around 800.

b.      Pope Leo III called on the Frankish king for help against rebellious nobles in Rome late in 800.

c.       Charlemagne tried to exercise control over his many lands and create a united Christian Europe.

           V.      A Revival of Learning

a.       Charlemagne hoped to make his capital at Aachen.

b.      Charlemagne could not write but read.

c.       Charlemagne set up a palace school at Aachen to ensure a supply of educated officials.

        VI.      Charlemagne’s Legacy

a.       Charlemagne’s empire fell apart after he died in 814.

b.      In 843, Charlemagne’s grandson wrote the Treaty of Verdun, which split the empire into three regions.

c.       The great Frankish ruler left a lasting legacy although Charlemagne’s empire crumbled.

      VII.      New Attacks

a.       Muslim forces kept up their pressure on Europe even after the defeat at Tours in 732.

b.      The Viking were the most destructive raiders.

c.       The Viking were traders and explorers and not just fierce warriors.

   VIII.      A New System of Rule

a.       King and emperors were too weak to maintain law and order in the face of invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars.

b.      Vassals or lesser lords pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.

c.       The vassal would pledge loyalty to his lord and agree to provide the lord with 40 days of military service each year, certain money, payments, and advice.

        IX.      Lords, Vassals, and Knights

a.       The most powerful lords were below the monarch.

b.      Each of the lords had vassals.

c.       Feudal relationships grew very complex because vassals often held fiefs from more than one lord.

           X.      The World of Warriors

a.       A boy slated to become a knight was sent away to the castle of his father’s lord at the age of seven.

b.      Powerful lords fortified their home to with stand attack during the early Middle Ages.

c.       Knights adopted a code of conduct call chivalry in the later Middle Ages.

        XI.      The Manor

a.       The heart of the medieval economy was the manor, or lord’s estate.

b.      Most of the peasants on a manor were serfs, who were bound to the land.

c.       Almost everything needed, from food and clothing to simple furniture and tools were produced by peasants.

      XII.      Daily Life

a.       European peasants worked according to the season like farmers everywhere.

b.      Peasants found occasions to celebrate despite life’s grimness.

c.       People believed in elves, fairies, and other nature spirits in medieval Europe.

   XIII.      A Spiritual and Worldly Empire

a.       The Christian Church split into eastern and western churches after the fall of Rome.

b.      Medieval Christians believed that all people were sinners.

c.       A range of penalties were given to anyone who refused to obey Church laws.

   XIV.      The Church and Daily Life

a.       Most Christian did not have any contact with the pope or the higher clergy.

b.      The Church required all Christians to pay a tithe to support itself.

c.       The Church tried to protect women by setting a minimum age for marriage.

     XV.      Monks and Nuns

a.       A monk name Benedict founded the monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy about 530.

b.      Convents and monasteries provide basic social services.

c.       Men and women risked their lives to spread Christian teachings across Europe during the early Middle Ages.

   XVI.      Hildegard of Bingen: Adviser to Popes and Kings

a.       Hildegard had become a composer, writer, abbess, and adviser to the great men and women of her day.

b.      Hildegard found a new convent in Germany in 1147.

c.       Hildegard was not the only nun to speak out in the early Middle Ages.

XVII.      Reform Movements

a.       The discipline of the Church weakened as its wealth and power grew.

b.      Abbot Berno at Cluny set out to end abuses in the early 900’s.

c.       St. Dominic also founded a preaching order of friars to work in the larger world.

XVIII.      Jews in Western Europe

a.       Numerous Jewish communities were home to Medieval Europe

b.      Medieval Christian persecuted Jews often.

c.       Anti-Semitism increased in bad times.

   XIX.      An Agricultural Revolution

a.       Europe’s economic recovery was going well by 1000.

b.      New technologies such as iron plows and new harnesses were used by peasants by about 800.

c.       Food production increased when other changes brought more land use.

     XX.      Trade Revives

a.       Merchant companies that traveled in armed caravans for safety were formed by enterprising traders.

b.      Traders and customers met at local trade fairs at first.

c.       Merchants who set up anew town would ask the local lord for a charter to protect their interests.

   XXI.      A Commercial Revolution

a.       Money reappeared as trade revived.

b.      Europeans developed new ways of doing business to meet the needs of the changing economy.

c.       Slowly the new ways of doing business reshaped medieval society.

XXII.      Role of Guilds

a.       Merchant guilds dominated life in medieval towns.

b.      Many years of hard work as an apprentice was required to become a guild member.

c.       Women dominated some trades and had their own guilds.

XXIII.      City Life

a.       Protective wall surrounded Medieval towns and cities.

b.      A great cathedral would appear in the largest cities.

c.       Resident flung their wastes into the streets.

XXIV.      Looking Ahead

a.       Western Europe was a different place from what it had been in the early Middle Ages by 1300.

b.      New forces were at work in politics too.

c.       Civilization with much more advanced than the Europeans came into contact.

Ch. 9

              I.      Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church

a.       Kings stood at the head of society in Medieval Europe.

b.      Rulers used different ways to centralize power.

c.       For centuries, the struggles among monarchs, nobles and the Church lasted.

           II.      Strong Monarch in England

a.       Angles, Saxon, and Vikings invaded and settled in England during the early Middle Ages.

b.      The Angles Saxon king Edward died without an heir in 1066.

c.       An energetic, well-educated king, Henry II, inherited the throne in 1154.

         III.      Evolving Tradition of Government

a.       John, Henry’s son, was a clever, greedy, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler.

b.      The Magna Carta was forced to be signed by a gropu of rebellious barons in 1215.

c.       English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice during the 1200’s.

        IV.      Royal Successes in France

a.       Hugh Capet was elected by feudal nobles in 987.

b.      Louis IX was perhaps the most admired French ruler of this time.

c.       Phillip rallied French support during the struggle with the pope.

           V.      The Holy Roman Empire

a.       The emperor Charlemagne brought much of what is today the nation of Germany under his rule in the early Middle Ages.

b.      The Holy Roman Empire had the potential to be the strongest monarchy in Europe.

c.       Who would control appointment to high church offices was a key conflict between emperors and popes.

        VI.      Two Determined Rulers

a.       An angry response from the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV was brought by Pope Gregory’s ban.

b.        Henry crossed the icy Alps in January 1077.

c.       For almost 50 years, the struggle over investiture dragon on.

      VII.      New Struggles Between Popes and Emperors

a.       Ambitious Geran emperors sought to master Italy during the 1100’s and 1200’s.

b.      Sicily had a sophisticated court where Muslim and Christian influences existed side by side.

c.       Frederick gave in to many demands of his German nobles while he was embroiled in Italy.

   VIII.      The Church Under Innocent III

a.       The Roman Catholic Church reached its peak of power in the 1200’s.

b.      A brutal crusade against the Albigensians in southern Franc was launched by Philip II.

c.       Popes pressed their claim to supremacy for almost a century after Innocent’s death.

        IX.      The World in 1050

a.       Several civilizations in the Middle East and Asia had been major powers when Western Europe was barely emerging from isolation in 1050.

b.      India and China lie beyond the Muslim world.

c.       Byzantine civilization was a rival to Islam in the eastern Mediterranean.

           X.      The Crusades

a.       In hope to increase his power in Europe, Urban would heal the split between the Roman and Byzantine churches.

b.      Crusades marched, fought, and for a time occupied parts of Palestine for 200 years.

c.       The captured lands were divided by the crusaders into four small states.

        XI.      Impact of the Crusades

a.       Europeans had developed a taste for luxury goods that merchants brought from the Byzantine emperor even before the Crusades.

b.      The Crusades also helped to increase the power of feudal monarchs.

c.       Christian realized that millions of people lived in region thay had never known existed with the contacts of the Muslim world.

      XII.      The Crusading Spirit and the Reconquista

a.       Long after the Eurpean defeat at Acre, the crusading spirit continued.

b.      Efforts to expel the Muslims began in the 700’s by Christian warriors.

c.       Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469.

   XIII.      Medieval Universities

a.       The need for education expanded as economic and political conditions improved in the High Middle Ages.

b.      Schools had sprung up around the great cathedrals to train the clergy by the 1100’s.

c.       Few comforts were offered in university life.

   XIV.      Europeans Acquire “New” Learning

a.       Explosion of knowledge that reached Europe in the High Middle Ages had universities receive a further boost.

b.      The conflict between faith and reason were tried to be resolved by Christian scholars.

c.       Works of Science also reached Europe from Spain and the Byzantine empire.

     XV.      Education for Women

a.       Good education was only received by few women.

b.      The achievements of women were examined by De Pizan using her pen.

c.       Men still continued to look on educated women as oddities.

   XVI.      Medieval Literature

a.       New writing began to appear in the vernacular, or the everyday languages of ordinary people.

b.      People began writing down oral tradition in the vernacular across Europe.

c.       Poem of the Cid involves conflict with Islam.

XVII.      Splendors in Stone

a.       Roman influences were reflected on about 1000 monasteries and town that built solid stone churches.

b.      Abbot Suger wanted to build a new abbey church at St. Denis near Paris at about 1140.

c.       Cities all over Europe soon were competing to build grander, taller cathedrals.

XVIII.      The Black Death

a.       The Black Death reached Spain and France by 1348.

b.      The disease was spread by fleas on rats and it struck with stunning speed.

c.       Since people had no way to stop the disease, it brought terror and bewilderment.

   XIX.      Upheaval in the Church

a.       Spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church was brought in the late Middle Ages.

b.      Strong leadership needed in this desperate time was not provided by the Church.

c.       More problems were faced by the Church with its moral authority weakened.

     XX.      The Hundred Years’ War

a.       England and France fought a series of conflicts between 1337 and 1453.

b.      The English won a string of victories at first.

c.       The Hundred Years’ war set France and England on different paths in the end.

   XXI.      Looking Ahead

a.       Many changes were brought by the Hundred Years’ War.

b.      As Europe recovered from the Black Death in the 1400’s, other changes happened.

c.       The stage for further changes during the Renaissance, Reformation, and Age of Exploration was set by the recovery of the late Middle Ages.