Outline Chapters 20, 21, 22
Ch. 20
I. A Turning Point in History
a. Most people in the 1750’s knew little of the world that existed beyond their village like their peasant ancestors.
b. Many country villages had grown into industrial towns and cities by the 1850’s.
c. New inventions and science such as medicine were made each year.
II. A New Agricultural Revolution
a. A second agricultural revolution began about 300 years ago that improved the quality and quantity of farm products.
b. Farm journals were used by educated farmers to exchanged new of experiments.
c. Enclosure is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasants.
III. The Population Explosion
a. A rapid growth of population was contributed by the agricultural revolution.
b. The populations kept getting higher in the 1800’s.
c. The agricultural revolution took away famine.
IV. An Energy Revolution
a. Energy is another factor that triggered the Industrial Revolution which had muscles of humans and animals and then water mills and windmills.
b. Coal was one of the most important resources because it was used to develop the steam engine.
c. The vital power source of the early Industrial Revolution was Watt’s steam engines.
V. Why Britain?
a. Britain had a large supply of coal to power steam engines. Iron was plentiful too and it was used to build new machines.
b. Britain focused more on the physical world and developed new devices to manage it.
c. A strong navy was built by Britain to protect its empire and overseas trade.
VI. The Age of Iron and Coal
a. Iron was needed for machines and steam engines.
b. High quality iron was produced by Abraham Darby by using coal instead of wood.
c. There were more and more uses for the iron especially for building railroads.
VII. Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
a. Inventors came up with devices that revolutionized the British textile industry as the demand for cloth grew.
b. The spinning jenny was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves.
c. The machines were first powered by water and then later by steam engines.
VIII. Revolution in Transportation
a. Turnpikes were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them.
b. The steam locomotive was the invention of the great revolution in transportation.
c. Ships such as the Clermont were steamboats that carried cargo.
IX. Looking Ahead
a. Prices fell as the supply of goods increased.
b. The lower prices made goods more affordable and created more consumers.
c. Economic and social changes happened in the 1800’s in the industrializing nations of the world.
X. The New Industrial City
a. Urbanization is a movement of people to cities which the Industrial Revolution brought rapidly.
b. The population of Manchester was 70,000 by 1801 and the visitors described it as a cloud of coal vapor.
c. There was no sanitation system and Cholera and other diseases spread rapidly.
XI. The Factory System
a. Working shifts lasted from 12 to 16 hours.
b. Women were paid less than men even for the same work and they were easier to manage.
c. Orphans were taken from employers and they worked long hours for a minimum o f food.
XII. Patience Kershaw’s Life Underground
a. The British government commissions realized children that were as young as five were working in factories.
b. The men that Kershaw worked with would beat her if she did not work quickly enough.
c. Men, women, and children worked in coal mines to fuel the Industrial Revolution.
XIII. The Working Class
a. Factory and mine workers eventually developed there own sense of community.
b. Luddites were rioters in England who smashed machines and burned factories.
c. Methodist preachers sought to rekindle self-confidence and bring hope among the working poor.
XIV. The New Middle Class
a. Middle-class families lived in comfortable and well furnished homes.
b. A middle class lady did ladylike activities such as playing the piano.
c. The new-middle class required hard work and the people thought the poor were lazy and ignorant to work their way up.
XV. Benefits and Problems
a. Working conditions improved in time by reformers who pressed laws.
b. The Industrial Revolution did not just create problems but it brought material benefits.
c. The Industrial Revolution brings suffering in the beginning but creates more material things for more people in the end.
XVI. Laissez-Faire Economics
a. Adam Smith was the prophet of laissez-faire economics.
b. Malthus said as the population increased, the food supply grew even faster.
c. Malthus and Ricardo both opposed any government help for the poor but they are not cruel.
XVII. The Utilitarians
a. Utilitarianism was the idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of its citizens.
b. John Stuart Mill argued that actions that promote happiness are right and wrong if they do pain.
c. Utilitarians including Mill worked for reforms in many areas from child labor to public health.
XVIII. Emergence of Socialism
a. Socialism was a radical solution to end poverty and injustice.
b. Early socialists were called Utopians who tried to build self-sufficient communities in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common.
c. Robert Owen thought that the conditions in which people lived shaped their character.
XIX. The Scientific Socialism of Karl Marx
a. Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable.
b. Proletariat was the working class.
c. Marx claimed his ideas were from scientific laws but many of them were not.
Ch. 21
I. Preserving the Old Order
a. The Congress of Vienna was a clear victory for conservative forces.
b. The conservatives in 1815 had very different goals from conservative in the United States today.
c. Conservatives believed that talk about natural rights and constitutional government could lead only to chaos.
II. The Liberal Challenge
a. Challenging the conservatives at every turn were the liberals.
b. Universal manhood suffrage, giving all adult men the right to vote.
c. The liberals of the early 1800s say the role of government as limited to protecting basic rights such as freedom of thought, speech, and religion.
III. Nationalist Stirrings
a. Another challenge to Metternichs conservative order came from nationalists.
b. Unifying and gaining independence for people with a common national heritage became a major goal of nationalist in the 1800s.
c. Autonomy or self-rule within the Ottoman empire
IV. Challenges to the Old Order
a. Several other challenges to the Vienna settlement erupted in the 1820s.
b. Metternich urged conservative rulers to crush the uprisings.
c. Troops dampened the fires of liberalism and nationalism in western and southern areas of Europe.
V. France After the Restoration
a. When the congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne, he prudently issued a constitution, the charter of French Liberties.
b. The ultras face bitter opposition from other factors.
c. With the King gone, radicals wanted to set up a republic.
VI. The French Revolution of 1848
a. In the 1840s discontent grew.
b. Toward the end of the decade, an economic slump shut down factories.
c. As the turmoil spread, Louis Philippe abdicated.
VII. Europe Catches Cold
a. In both 1830 and 1848, the revolts in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere in Europe.
b. The Belgians resented the new arrangement with the Dutch.
c. Nationalists in Poland also staged an uprising in 1830.
VIII. The Springtime of the Peoples
a. In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across Europe.
b. Revolution in France was the spark that touched off the revolts.
c. Revolution quickly spread to other parts of the empire.
IX. Looking Ahead
a. By 1850, the flickering light of rebellion faded, ending the age of liberal revolutions.
b. By mid – century, Metternich was gone from the European scene.
c. Ambitious political leaders would unify Germany and Italy.
X. Climate of Discontent
a. By the late 1700s the revolutionary fever that gripped western Europe had spread to Latin America.
b. In the 1700s educated creoles read the works of enlightenment thinkers.
c. The spark that finally ignited widespread revolt in Latin America was Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808.
XI. Haiti’s Struggle
a. Even before Spanish colonists hoisted the flag of freedom, revolution had erupted else where in Latin America.
b. In Haiti, French planters owned great sugar plantations worked by nearly a half million enslaved Africans.
c. n the 1790s revolutionaries in France were debating ways to abolish slavery in the West Indies.
XII. Toussaint L’Ouverture
a. Toussaint learned to speak both French and The African Language of his ancestors.
b. In France, meantime, Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power.
c. Shortly after, a trusted French friend lured Toussaint to his house, where he betrayed him.
XIII. A Call to Freedom in Mexico
a. The slave revolt in Haiti frightened Creoles in Spanish America.
b. Father Hidalgo presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores.
c. Poor Mexicans flailed to Father Hidalgo.
XIV. New Republics in Central America
a. Spanish ruled lands in central America declared independence in the early 1820s.
b. The union was short lived because the they messed it up by them selves.
c. After his overthrow, local leaders set up a republic called the Inited Province of Central America.
XV. Revolution in South America
a. In south America, Native Americans had rebelled against Spanish rele as early as the 1700s.
b. The strongest challenged by native Americans was led by Tupac Amaru.
c. In the early 1800s widespread discontent begin to surface among other south Americans.
XVI. Independence for Brazil
a. No revolution or military campaigns were needed to win independence.
b. After his overthrow, local leaders set up a republic called the Ignited Province of Central America.
c. Like many wealthy Latin American creoles young Simon Bolivar was sent to Europe to complete his education.
Ch. 22
I. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
a. Britain stood alone as the world’s industrial giant in the early industrial revolution
b. Strict rules were being enforced by Britain against exporting inventions.
c. Countries began to catch up quickly with Britain because they had more resources.
II. New Methods of Production
a. The basic traits of the factory system stayed the same.
b. Manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts to make assembly and repair easier.
c. Manufacturers also came up with assembly lines.
III. Technology and Industry
a. The marriage of science and industry spurred economic growth.
b. By the later 1800s many companies were hiring professional scientists and engineers to come up with new ideas.
c. In 1856 a process to purify iron ore and produce steel was discovered.
IV. The Shrinking World
a. During the 2nd industrial revolution, transportation and communications were transformed by technology.
b. Steamships replaced sailing ships.
c. Railroad building started to take off.
V. New Directions for business
a. Entrepreneurs needed money for there business so they sold stocks.
b. By the late 1800s “big business” came to dominate industry.
c. Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts.
VI. Medicine and Population
a. Between 1800 and 1900 the population of Europe more than doubled.
b. Scientists discovered microbes that caused many diseases.
c. Anesthesia was introduced in 1846 by William Morton.
VII. The Life of the Cities
a. Cities came to dominate the west and they underwent many changes.
b. Buildings and theaters grew largely.
c. Paved streets with sidewalks and sewers were developed.
VIII. Working-Class Struggles
a. Workers tried to improve the hard conditions of industrial life by protesting.
b. Strikes and unions were made illegal.
c. Reforms occurred which made workers happier.
IX. A Shifting Social Order
a. The industrial revolution slowly changed the old social order in the western world.
b. The upper class held the top jobs in government and the military.
c. A growing middle class was pushing its way into society.
X. Middle-Class Values
a. The modern middle class had evolved its own way of life
b. A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior.
c. Rules dictated how to dress for every occasion.
XI. Rights for Women
a. Women protested their rights.
b. By the late 1800s a few brave women broke the barrier of what they were limited to.
c. By the late 1800s married women in some countries had won the right to own land.
XII. The Growth of Schools
a. Reformers convinced governments to set up public schools.
b. Basic education was also required of all children.
c. Many of the teachers had little schooling.
XIII. The Challenge of Science
a. Science began to grow and make the world better.
b. New theories were also developed.
c. The new ideas differed from the old ideas.
XIV. The Darwin Furor
a. Darwin believed that all life forms had developed from species over millions of years.
b. He believed that plants and animals produced more offspring than the food supply can support.
c. His theories ignited many debates.
XV. Christianity in the Industrial Age
a. Christianity continued to be a major force in the west.
b. Churches continued to be at the center of communities.
c. Christians were urged to social service through the social gospel.
XVI. The Revolt Against Reason
a. Romanticism influenced art and literature.
b. Romantic writers rebelled against the enlightenment ideas of reason.
c. They sought to excite emotions.
XVII. A tortured Musical Genius
a. Beethoven made a musical symphony in honor of Napoleon Bonaparte.
b. After Beethoven found out that Napoleon had declared himself king of France, he undid the tribute to Napoleon and made the title of the song mean hero.
c. Beethoven wrote pieces that combined classical forms with the range of sound favored by the romantics.
XVIII. The Call to realism
a. By the mid 1800s a new aristocratic movement called realism occurred in the west.
b. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without romanticism.
c. Realists often looked at the harsher side of life.
XIX. Women writers win recognition
a. By the mid 1800s a growing number of women were getting their works into print.
b. Many women authors took the names of men so that they could get their work published.
c. Many women in different countries were getting their work published.
XX. New Directions in the Visual Art
a. By the 1840s photography was emerging.
b. At first, many photos were stiff posed portraits and of middle class families.
c. Other photographs reflected the romantics’ fascination with far away places.