Kevin Beadle
Mr. Haskell
World History
22 May 2006
Outline Ch. 32 and 33
Ch. 32
I. The Changing Political Climate
A. The Great Liberation
1. By the 1930’s, nationalist movements had taken root in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, and after World War II, nationalist leaders like Gandhi in India insisted on independence.
2. In 1972, President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania in East Africa spoke of the goals of struggling new nations
3. Altogether, nearly 100 new countries emerged during the “great liberation,” and these nations became known as the developing world.
B. The Cold War Goes Global
1. Often economic or political struggles were at the root of ethnic clashes
2. In Africa, Latin America, and Asia, local conflicts took on a Cold Ear dimension
3. With the end of the Cold War in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union, many people hoped for a more peaceful world, with tensions eased and some long-standing conflicts resolved.
C. New Nations Seek Stability
1. In Africa, nations inherited random colonial borders that mixed together people with different languages, religions, and ethnic identities, leaving nations with few ties to unite them.
2. The new nations wrote constitutions modeled on those of western democracies, but many new nations were shaken by revolution or civil war.
3. Despite setbacks, democracy did make some progress in the late 1970s and early 1990s, but the outcomes of these democracies remains uncertain given the problems that face developing nations and their lack of experience with forms of representative government.
D. The Shrinking Globe
1. Since 1945, transportation and communications systems have made the world increasingly interdependent, or depending on other countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world.
2. The United Nations was set up as a forum for settling disputes.
3. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund make loans to developing nations.
E. Enduring Issues
1. In 1968, a number of nations signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, agreeing to halt the spread of nuclear weapons, and in 1995 the treaty was renewed indefinitely.
2. Many issues pose a challenge to world peace.
3. The human rights debate raises tough issues, and as ethnic conflict rises around the world, intervention continues to stir debate.
II. Global Economic Trends
A. The Global North and South: Two Worlds of Development
1. Today, an economic gulf divides the world into two spheres, the relatively rich nations of the global North and the relatively poor nations of the global South.
2. The global North includes the industrial nations of Western Europe and North America, as well as Japan and Australia.
3. The global South refers to the developing world.
B. Economic Interdependence
1. Huge multinational corporations, enterprises with branches in many countries, have invested in the developing world; they bring new technology to mining, agriculture, transportation and other industries.
2. All nations use oil for transportation and for products ranging from plastics to fertilizers, and much of the world’s oil comes from the Middle East.
3. Privatization is selling off state owned industries to private investors.
C. Obstacles to Development
1. Many countries fail to modernize because of geography, population and poverty, economic dependence, economic policies, and political instability.
2. Each year, the populations of countries like Nigeria, Egypt, and India increase by millions.
3. The economic patterns established during the Age of Imperialism did not change after 1945.
D. Economic Development and the Environment
1. Since earliest times, people everywhere have taken what they wanted form their environment.
2. Gases from power plants and factories produced acid rain, a form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air come back to the Earth as rain, snow, or hail.
3. Rich nations, the greatest consumers of natural resources, produce much of the world’s pollution.
III. Changing Patterns of Life
A. The Village: Continuity and Change
1. Village people continue to form the largest part of the world’s population, about 3.3 billion of the 5.7 billion people on Earth.
2. Many village ways have endured for centuries, but decades of urbanization, westernization, and new technology have left their mark.
3. The day may begin before sunrise, with the sound of a rooster crowing.
B. Old Ways and New
1. People in the developing world have flocked to the cities to find jobs and escape rural poverty.
2. In the cities, people adopted western fashions and ideas.
3. In Latin America, some Roman Catholic clergy adopted a movement called liberation theology.
C. New Rights and Roles for Women
1. After 1945, Women’s movements brought changes to both the western and developing worlds
2. In the industrial world, more women worked outside the home and gradually won equal access to education.
3. While women still had less education than men in developing nations, the gap is still narrowing.
D. Science and Technology
1. In October 1957, the space age began when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a tiny satellite, into orbit.
2. The computer is among the most revolutionary developments of the past 50 years.
3. Technology has improved life for people everywhere, and many people.
E. A New International Culture
1. Radio, television, satellites, fax machines, and computer networks have put people everywhere in touch and helped create a global culture.
2. Since World War II, American fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have captured the world’s imagination.
3. Global interest in the arts has made nations realize the value of ancient cultural treasures.
F. Looking Ahead
1. Many current trends and issues emerged long before 1945 and will continue beyond 2000.
2. At the same time, new issues and conflicts will almost certainly take shape in the new millennium that begins after the year 2000.
3. In many nations and regions, people must reconcile local and global interests.
Ch. 33
I. The Western World: An Overview
A. The Cold War in Europe
1. Berlin remained a focus of Cold War tensions throughout the period.
2. Both sides tried to avoid a nuclear showdown by holding disarmament talks, but mutual distrust often blocked progress.
3. By the 1970’s, American and Soviet leaders promoted an era of détente, or relaxation of tensions.
B. Recovery and Growth in Western Europe
1. On the political front, right-wing parties, which had supported fascism, were discredited.
2. A major goal of leftist parties was to extend the welfare state.
3. A service industry is one that provides a service rather than a product
C. Toward European Unity
1. Europe’s recovery from World War II was helped by economic cooperation.
2. In 1973, after much debate, Britain was admitted, along with Denmark and Ireland.
3. The EU has become a powerful economic force, and controls over 6 percent of the world’s population and 37% of the world’s trade.
D. Social Trends
1. In 1949, French writer Simone de Beauvoir analyzed the status of women in western society.
2. Since the 1950’s, many immigrants from former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean settled in Europe, which created racism and segregation problems.
3. A woman’s income helps improve her family’s standard of living, but while ideals about families have survived, family life itself has changed.
II. The Western European Democracies
A. Britain: Government and the Economy
1. World War II left Britain physically battered and economically drained, and in 1945 voters put the Labor party in power.
2. After the war, Britain had to adjust to a new world role, as the British Empire shrank as colonies in Asia and Africa won independence.
3. Outbreaks of violence continued for more than 20 years over conflict with Northern Ireland.
B. France: Revival and Prosperity
1. In 1958, de Gaulle set up the Fifth Republic in France.
2. Like Britain, France was greatly weakened by World War II.
3. Like Britain, France nationalized some industries and expanded social welfare benefits after the war and with government help, industry and business modernized, leading to new prosperity by the 1970’s.
C. Germany: Reunited at Last
1. By 1949, feuds among the Allies divided Germany into to parts: West Germany as a member of the western alliance, and East Germany in the Soviet orbit, and over the next decades, differences between the two Germanys widened, and the Soviet Union opposed a unified Germany that might pose a new threat to its security.
2. As the Cold War began, the United States rushed aid to its former enemy in Western Germany to strengthen them against the Communist tide sweeping Eastern Europe.
3. By 1989, the decline of communism in the Soviet Union at last made reunification possible and Helmut Kohl was elected as the architect of unity.
D. Other Democratic Nations of the West
1. The Scandinavian countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark created extensive socialist welfare programs that many countries considered necessary for a successful postwar democracy.
2. Change came more slowly to three other countries of southern Europe: Spain, Portugal, and Greece, and dictatorships clung to power in those countries until 1970’s until developing into democracies.
3. After World War II, communist rebels unleashed a civil war in Greece, and with American aid, the government won.
III. North American Prosperity
A. The United States and the Cold War
1. The United States built bases overseas and organized military alliances from Europe to Southeast Asia.
2. By 1967, Americans at home were bitterly divided over the Vietnam War and many opposed supporting an unpopular regime in South Vietnam and by 1974 Nixon had negotiated an American withdrawal.
3. The end of the Cold War did not bring world peace, but rather, conflicts erupted in many places around the world and left the United States as the world’s lone superpower.
B. Economy and the Role of Government
1. Unlike Europe, the United States emerged from World War II with its cities and industries undamaged, and in 1945 it produced 50 percent of the world’s manufactured goods.
2. During the 1960’s, the government expanded social programs, and President Kennedy wanted to provide health care to the elderly; his plan was pressed ahead by Lyndon B. Johnson.
3. Government spending and tax cuts greatly increased the national deficit, the gap between what a government spends and what it takes in through taxes and other sources.
C. The Civil Rights Movement
1. Although African Americans had won freedom nearly a century before, many states, especially in the South, denied them equality legally.
2. In 1954, the Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which declared that segregated schools were unconstitutional.
3. In time, Congress responded by outlawing segregation in public accommodations, protecting the rights of black voters, and requiring equal access to housing and jobs.
D. The United States and the Global Economy
1. In the postwar decades, the United States profited greatly from the growing global economy, but independence also brought problems.
2. American industries faced stiff competition from Asian and other nations, and like Western Europe, the United States lost manufacturing jobs to the developing world.
3. Still, the United States remained a rich nation and a magnet for immigrants.
E. Postwar Canada
1. After gaining independence, it charted its own course but still maintained links with Britain through the Commonwealth of Nations.
2. Canada ranks among the major democratic, industrial powers in the world and sided with the allies during both World Wars.
3. Through quiet diplomacy, Canada often worked behind the scenes to ease Cold War tensions and its troops served in UN peacekeeping missions around the world.
IV. The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower
A. Stalin’s Successors
1. The Soviet Union emerged from World War II a superpower, and Stalin forged a Soviet sphere of influence from the Baltic to the Balkans.
2. Nikita Krushchev emerged as the new Soviet leader after Stalin’s death and practiced a policy of “de-Stalinization.”
3. Dissidents are people who speak out against the government, and there were several famous Soviet dissidents such as Andrei Sakharov.
B. The Soviet Economy
1. After the war, Stalin rebuilt the shattered Soviet industries by using factories and other equipment stripped from Germany.
2. The Soviet trumpeted Sputnik as a victory in the propaganda war against the West.
3. The state-run economy could produce impressive results when it poured resources into major projects such as weapons manufacture or the space race.
C. Foreign Policy Issues
1. The Soviet Union, like the United States, supplied nations with military and economic aid and the Soviet Union participated in several “shooting wars,” such as Korea and Vietnam.
2. In 1961, the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban missile crisis a year later dramatically increased Cold War tensions.
3. In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan to ensure Soviet influence in the neighboring nation and like the Vietnam War for the United States, the Afghan War drained the Soviet economy and provoked a crisis in morale at home.
D. Collapse of the Soviet Empire
1. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union and was eager to reform inefficiencies in government and the economy and his decisions cataclysmically ended the Soviet Union.
2. Gorbachev called for glasnost, or openness, to end censorship and encouraged people to discuss problems with the country.
3. He also urged the restructuring of government and the economy called perestroika, which aimed to streamline the government and reduce the size of bureaucracy to increase efficiency and output.
E. The Russian Republic
1. After the breakup of the Soviet Union and the election of its president, Boris Yeltsin, Russians approved a new constitution but had no previous democratic traditions.
2. Yeltsin often clashed with the parliament, which included many former Communists and extreme nationalists who wanted to create a Russian empire.
3. In 1994, Yeltsin brutally crushed a revolt in Chechnya, which revealed divisions within the army and the government itself.
F. The Other Republics
1. Like Russia, the other former Soviet republics wanted to build stable governments and improve their standard of living.
2. These new nations endured hard times as they switched to market economies, and they suffered a shortage of trained managers and technicians.
3. The republics of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus gave up the nuclear weapons left on their soil in return for trading privileges or investments from the West.
V. A New Era in Eastern Europe
A. In the Soviet Orbit
1. In 1945, Soviet armies occupied much of Eastern Europe and converted the nations into satellites of the USSR.
2. As the Cold War deepened, the Soviet Union tightened its grip on its satellites by creating more than 30 divisions of Soviet troops that were stationed throughout Eastern Europe.
3. By 1956, Navy gained power in Hungary and ejected Soviet troops and Hungarian “freedom fighters” resisted the Soviet advance, but failed to gain Western help and the rebellion was crushed.
B. Poland’s Struggle Toward Democracy
1. Poland was the Soviet Union’s most troublesome satellite and used the Roman Catholic Church as a rallying point for Poles opposed to the Communist Regime.
2. An independent trade union called Solidarity claimed 10 million members and pressed for political change, but was cracked down upon by the Soviet Union.
3. In 1989 Poland sponsored the first free elections in 50 years and Solidarity was legalized.
C. Revolution and Freedom
1. By late 1989 a “democracy movement” was sweeping Eastern Europe and everywhere people took to the streets demanding reform, which led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.
2. Eastern European nations set out to build stable governments and free-market economies based on those of the west.
3. In the 1990s, Eastern European nations looked to the West for aid, and many hoped to join the European Union and NATO.
D. War Comes to Sarajevo
1. After Tito’s death and the fall of communism, a wave of nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart and ambitious extremists, stirred ethnic unrest for their own ends.
2. Serbs practiced “ethnic cleansing,” forcibly removing other ethnic groups from the areas they controlled, and hundreds of thousands of Bosnians became refugees.
3. Serbian troops shelled schools, hospitals, and libraries and cut off electricity and water supplies for long periods.
E. Looking Ahead
1. In 1995, the United States finally brought the warring parties to Dayton, Ohio to hammer out a series of agreements called the Dayton Accords.
2. When the civil war in Yugoslavia began, United Nations forces tried but failed to restore peace.
3. Meantime, an international court at The Hague held trials for those accused of war crimes in Bosnia.